The same issue on Windows 10 Home with Docker Toolbox 18.09.3 (laptop powered by Ryzen 2500U): running normal Linux image via Virtualbox works like a charm, and msinfo32 tool reports "virtualization enabled: true"
What helped was adding --virtualbox-no-vtx-check to the docker-machine create command, to be more specific I used this cmd:
docker-machine create -d virtualbox --virtualbox-memory=4096 \
--virtualbox-cpu-count=4 --virtualbox-disk-size=40960 \
--virtualbox-no-vtx-check default
And everything worked just great!
Hope this helps on your case as well :-)